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<\/p>\nThe painted limestone statue of Zoser, now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, is the oldest known life-size Egyptian statue. The statue was found during the Antiquities Service\u2019s excavations of 1924-1925. Today, at the site in Saqqara where it was found, a plaster copy of the statue stands in place of the original.<\/p>\n
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In contemporary inscriptions he is called Netjerikhet, meaning \u201cdivine in body.\u201d Later sources, including a New Kingdom reference to his construction, help confirm that Netjerikhet and Djoser are the same person.<\/p>\n
While Manetho names Necherophes and the Turin King List names Nebka as the first ruler of the Third Dynasty, many Egyptologists now believe that Zoser was the first king of this Dynasty, pointing out that the order in which some of Khufu\u2019s predecessors are mentioned in the Westcar Papyrus suggests that Nebka should be placed between Zoser and Huni, not before Zoser. More significantly, the English Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson has shown that funerary seals found at the entrance to the tomb of Khasekhemwy at Abydos mention only Zoser and not Nebka. This supports the view that Zoser buried and directly succeeded Khasekhemwy rather than Nebka.<\/p>\n
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Djoser is linked to Khasekhemwy, the last king of the Second Dynasty of Egypt, through his wife Queen Nimaethap (Nimaat-hap), via seals found in Khasekhemwy\u2019s tomb and at Beit Khallaf. The Abydos seal names Nimaat-hap as the \u201cmother of the king\u2019s sons, Nimaat-hap.\u201d In mastaba K1 at Beit Khallaf, the same person is mentioned as the \u201cmother of the dual king.\u201d The dating of other seals at the Beit Khallaf site places them in the reign of Zoser. This evidence suggests that Khasekhemwy is Zoser\u2019s direct father or that Nimaat-hap had him through a previous husband. German Egyptologist Gunter Dreyer found Zoser\u2019s sealings in Khasekhemwy\u2019s tomb, further suggesting that Zoser was Khasekhemwy\u2019s direct successor and that he finished the construction of the tomb.<\/p>\n
His cult seems to have been still active in the later reign of Snefru.<\/p>\n
Hetephernebti is identified as one of Zoser\u2019s queens \u201con a series of boundary stelae from the Step Pyramid enclosure (now in several museums) and a relief fragment from a building at Hermopolis\u201d now in the Egyptian Museum in Turin.<\/p>\n
Inetkawes was his only daughter known by name. A third royal wife was also attested during Zoser\u2019s reign, but her name was destroyed. Zoser\u2019s relationship with his successor, Sekhemkhet, is unknown, and the date of his death is uncertain.<\/p>\n
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The lands of Upper and Lower Egypt were united into a single kingdom around 2686 BC. The period following the unification of the crowns was one of prosperity, marked by the beginning of the Third Dynasty and the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The exact identity of the founder of the dynasty is a matter of debate due to the fragmentary nature of records from the time. Djoser is one of the leading candidates for the founder of the Third Dynasty. Other candidates include Nebka and Sanakht. Possibly complicating matters further is that Nebka and Sanakht refer to the same person.<\/p>\n
Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson believes that the weight of archaeological evidence favours Zoser (Netjerikhet) as Khasekhemwy\u2019s successor and founder of the Third Dynasty. A seal from Khasekhemwy\u2019s tomb at Abydos, combined with a seal from mastaba K1 at Beit Khallaf dating to Djoser\u2019s reign, links the two pharaohs as father and son respectively. The Abydos seal names a \u2018Nimaat-hap\u2019 as the mother of Khasekhemwy\u2019s sons, while the other seal at Beit Khallaf names the same person as the \u2018mother of the dual king\u2019. Further archaeological evidence linking the reigns of the two pharaohs is found at Shunet et-Zebib, suggesting that Zoser oversaw the burial of his predecessor. The stone ritual vessels found at the tomb sites (Khasekhemwy\u2019s tomb at Abydos and Djoser\u2019s tomb at Saqqara) of the two pharaohs also appear to have come from the same collection, as samples from both sites contain identical images of the god Min. This archaeological evidence is complemented by at least one historical source, the Saqqara king list, which names Zoser as Beby\u2019s immediate successor, a misinterpretation of Khasekhemwy.<\/p>\n
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Manetho states that Zoser ruled Egypt for twenty-nine years, while the Turin King List states it was only nineteen years. Because of his numerous major building projects, particularly at Saqqara, some scholars argue that Zoser must have enjoyed a reign of nearly three decades. Based on Wilkinson\u2019s analysis and reconstruction of the Royal Annals, Manetho\u2019s figure appears to be more accurate. Wilkinson reconstructs the Annals as giving Zoser \u201c28 full or partial years\u201d, noting that the cattle counts recorded in the Palermo stone register V and Cairo Fragment 1, register V, for the beginning and end of Zoser\u2019s reign, would likely indicate his reign years 1 to 5 and 19 to 28. The coronation year is preserved, followed by the year the twin pillars were received and the ropes for the Qau-Netjerw (\u201chills of the gods\u201d) fortress were tightened. Unfortunately, almost all entries are illegible nowadays.<\/p>\n
Various sources provide various dates for Zoser\u2019s reign. Professor of Ancient Near Eastern history Marc van de Mieroop dates Zoser\u2019s reign to between 2686 BC and 2648 BC. Authors Joann Fletcher and Michael Rice date his reign to between 2667 BC and 2648 BC, giving a regnal period of either partial or full 18 years. Rice further states that Nebkha was Zoser\u2019s brother and predecessor. Writer Farid Atiya provides a regnal period similar to Fletcher and Rice\u2019s, offset by a single year: 2668 BC to 2649 BC. This dating is supported by authors Rosalie and Charles Baker in Ancient Egypt: People of the Pyramids. Egyptologist Abeer El-Shahawy, in association with the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, places Zoser\u2019s reign between 2687 BC and 2648 BC. and 2668 B.C. for 18 similar partial or complete years. Author Margaret Bunson places Zoser as the second ruler of the Third Dynasty and sets his reign from 2630 B.C. to 2611 B.C. for a partial or complete 19-year reign. In her chronology, Zoser is preceded by Nebka as the \u201cFounder of the Third Dynasty,\u201d reigning from 2649 B.C. to 2630 B.C. She, like Rice, makes Nebka Zoser\u2019s brother.<\/p>\n
Zoser sent several military expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula, where the local inhabitants were subdued. He also sent expeditions to mine valuable minerals such as turquoise and copper. The Sinai was also of strategic importance as a buffer between the Nile Valley and Asia. This is known from inscriptions found in the desert there, which sometimes show the standard of Set alongside symbols of Horus, as had been more common under Khasekhemwy.<\/p>\n
His most famous monument was his step pyramid, which involved the construction of several mastaba tombs one on top of the other. These forms eventually led to the standard pyramid tomb in the later Old Kingdom. Manetho, many centuries later, alludes to the architectural advances of this reign, mentioning that \u201cTosorthos\u201d discovered the construction with dressed stone, as well as being remembered as the physician Aesculapius and for introducing some reforms in the writing system. Modern scholars think that Manetho originally attributed (or intended to attribute) these feats to Imuthes, who was later deified as Aesculapius by the Greeks and Romans and corresponded to Imhotep, the famous minister of Zoser who designed the construction of the step pyramid.<\/p>\n
Some fragmentary reliefs found at Heliopolis and Gebelein mention Zoser\u2019s name and suggest that he commissioned building projects in those cities. Furthermore, he may have set the southern boundary of his kingdom at the First Cataract. There is an inscription known as the Famine Stele, which claims to date from Zoser\u2019s reign but was probably created during the Ptolemaic dynasty. This inscription relates how Zoser rebuilt the temple of Khnum on the island of Elephantine at the First Cataract, thus ending a seven-year famine in Egypt. Some consider this ancient inscription to have been a legend at the time it was written. Nonetheless, it shows that the Egyptians still remembered Zoser more than two millennia after his reign.<\/p>\n
Although he appears to have begun an unfinished tomb at Abydos (Upper Egypt), Djoser was eventually buried in his famous pyramid at Saqqara in Lower Egypt. Since Khasekhemwy, a pharaoh of the Second Dynasty, was the last pharaoh to be buried at Abydos, some Egyptologists infer that the move to a more northern capital was completed during Djoser\u2019s time.<\/p>\n
One of King Zoser\u2019s most famous contemporaries was his vizier (tjaty), \u201cchief of the royal shipyard\u201d and \u201coverseer of all stonework,\u201d Imhotep. Imhotep oversaw stone construction projects such as the tombs of King Zoser and King Sekhemkhet. Imhotep may have been mentioned in the also famous Westcar Papyrus, in a story called \u201cKhufu and the Magicians.\u201d But because the papyrus was badly damaged early on, Imhotep\u2019s name has been lost today. A papyrus from the ancient Egyptian temple of Tebtunis, dating to the 2nd century AD, preserves a long story in demotic writing about Zoser and Imhotep. By Zoser\u2019s time, Imhotep was of such importance and fame that he was honored to be mentioned on King Zoser\u2019s statues in his necropolis at Saqqara.<\/p>\n
Zoser was buried in his famous step pyramid at Saqqara. This pyramid was initially built as an almost square mastaba. Still, five more mastabas were stacked on top of each other, each smaller than the last, until the monument became the first step pyramid in Egypt. The supervisor of the building\u2019s constructions was the high priest Imhotep.<\/p>\n
The step pyramid is made of limestone. It is huge and contains only a narrow corridor leading to the centre of the monument, ending in a rough chamber where the entrance to the tomb shaft was hidden. This inner construction was later filled with rubble, as it was no longer of any use. The pyramid once had a height of 62 metres and a base of ca. 125 x 109 metres. It was covered with finely polished white limestone.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The painted limestone statue of Zoser, now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, is the oldest known life-size Egyptian statue. The statue was found during the Antiquities Service\u2019s excavations of 1924-1925. Today, at the site in Saqqara where it was found, a plaster copy of the statue stands in place of the original. In contemporary […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2530,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,11],"tags":[943],"class_list":["post-2529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aliens","category-ufo","tag-king-zosers-face-third-dynastys-quiet-ruler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aliensufo.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2529","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aliensufo.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aliensufo.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aliensufo.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aliensufo.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2529"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/aliensufo.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2529\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2531,"href":"https:\/\/aliensufo.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2529\/revisions\/2531"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aliensufo.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2530"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aliensufo.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2529"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aliensufo.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2529"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aliensufo.top\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2529"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}