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Astronomers investigating interstellar comet 3I\/ATLAS detected an unusual radio-frequency signature during its passage through the solar system, prompting careful analysis and a wave of speculation online\u2014but the object did not \u201csend\u201d a message to Earth. Observations made with South Africa\u2019s MeerKAT radio telescope revealed absorption lines at approximately 1,665 and 1,667 megahertz, frequencies associated with hydroxyl, or OH, molecules.<\/p>\n
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Hydroxyl forms when ultraviolet sunlight breaks apart water molecules released by a warming comet, making the detection a natural indicator of water-related activity rather than an engineered transmission. In other words, the telescope did not hear a sequence of words, pulses or coded instructions; it measured specific frequencies being absorbed by molecules within the cloud of gas surrounding the comet. The result strengthened the conclusion that 3I\/ATLAS is an active natural comet with an icy nucleus, not the glowing spacecraft-like object depicted in the accompanying thumbnail.<\/p>\n
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NASA reports that its observed color, speed, direction and behavior are consistent with a comet traveling on a hyperbolic trajectory from outside the solar system. It remained about 170 million miles from Earth at its closest approach and posed no impact threat. Because 3I\/ATLAS is only the third confirmed interstellar object ever detected, researchers nevertheless treated every unusual observation seriously. Teams using the Allen Telescope Array searched frequencies between 1 and 9 gigahertz for narrowband technosignatures\u2014the type of concentrated radio emission that might suggest artificial technology.<\/p>\n
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Their system initially registered nearly 74 million \u201chits,\u201d but the overwhelming majority were eliminated as terrestrial radio-frequency interference. After increasingly strict filtering and visual inspection of the remaining candidates, the researchers found no signal requiring follow-up. Independent observations with China\u2019s FAST telescope and the Green Bank Telescope reached the same conclusion: no credible artificial narrowband transmission was detected from the comet. The intense scrutiny was scientifically valuable even without evidence of alien technology.<\/p>\n
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Spectroscopic measurements allow astronomers to determine which gases are escaping, estimate how sunlight is activating ancient ice and compare the visitor with comets born around our Sun. Webb observations identified water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and unusual isotopic ratios, suggesting that 3I\/ATLAS may have formed in a remarkably cold environment billions of years before the solar system existed. Hubble, meanwhile, constrained its nucleus to somewhere between a few hundred meters and approximately 5.6 kilometers across, although the solid body remained hidden inside its bright coma.<\/p>\n